When we speak of smart drugs, almost everyone thinks of modern pharmaceuticals that act on our brain to boost performance. Yet before the pharmacological era of the late 19th century, opium poppy juice was the intellectual substance par excellence, taken when lucidity, calm, and emotional stability were sought. Opium was seen as an agent that stilled instinctive impulses while leaving the intellect clear and free.

In the previous two installments, we explored the significance of Ernst von Bibra. Here, we delve into his biography and introduce his work. Read part one. Read part two.