History of Psychedelics: Culture and Thought

Updated October 8, 2026 · Psiconáutica Editorial Team

Psychedelics Guide › Psychedelic History, Culture, and Thought: A Guide

The history of psychedelics is also the history of how different cultures have understood consciousness, the sacred, and the body itself. From the mystery cults of antiquity to the Swiss laboratory where Albert Hofmann synthesized LSD in 1938—though he did not describe its effects until 1943—this guide brings together the figures, milestones, and ideas that have shaped modern psychedelic thought. We approach this as what it is: a fascinating chapter in the history of ideas and the exploration of consciousness, told with rigor and respect for individual autonomy.

We bring together the great cartographers of the mind—Hofmann, Aldous Huxley and his essay The Doors of Perception (1954), Ernst Jünger, to whom the term “psychonaut” is attributed (1970), or Alexander and Ann Shulgin—alongside the philosophical perspective of Antonio Escohotado, author of the Historia general de las drogas (General History of Drugs). Alongside them, we explore the long memory of ritual use: Amazonian shamanism, the psychoactives of pharaonic Egypt, Greece, and Rome, or the debated ergot hypothesis regarding the Eleusinian kykeon. We present these theories as what they are: hypotheses and historical narratives open to debate, not closed certainties.

This section is completed by the history of prohibition and its critics, the regulatory models currently being debated, and the psychedelic mark on music, literature, and art. Our approach never changes: rigor, historical context, and harm reduction understood through free information. More than a catalog of substances, you will find keys to understanding where a culture that continues to challenge both science and society comes from.

Featured reading

Albert Hofmann, Ergot, and the Birth of LSD

Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann synthesized LSD in 1938 and described its effects in 1943 following a chance discovery. We follow his trail: from ergot of rye to psilocybin and ololiuqui, and the legacy of the man who called LSD his “problem child.”

Mind Cartographers: Shulgin, Jünger, Huxley, and Von Bibra

Huxley, Jünger, and the Shulgins: thinkers and chemists who explored and mapped altered states of consciousness. It includes the origin of the word “psychonaut” and the pioneering figure of Ernst von Bibra, one of the first to catalog the world’s drugs.

Antonio Escohotado and the Critique of Prohibition

The philosopher Antonio Escohotado turned the study of drugs into a critique of prohibition. We review his theses on use, abuse, hashish, ecstasy, and “sobria ebrietas,” drawing on his magnum opus, General History of Drugs.

Ancient History: Entheogens of the Classical World and Antiquity

Long before modern chemistry, ancient societies already used psychoactives for ritual, medical, and festive purposes. From Egyptian opium to Greek wine, from Roman bacchanals to Mediterranean entheogens, we approach these practices with the caution that historical and archaeological sources call for.

Shamanism, Ritual Use, and Master Plants

The use of visionary plants in shamanic and ritual contexts spans continents and millennia. Entheogens, “master plants,” icaro chants, and the anthropological view of consciousness, without idealizing these practices or presenting ritual as a guarantee of safety.

Prohibition, Politics, and Drug Philosophy

Contemporary drug prohibition is just over a century old and has deep social and political roots. We analyze its history, the research it stifled, the cannabis memory preserved in museums, and the alternative regulatory models currently under debate.

Psychedelic Culture: Music, Literature, Art, and Memory

Psychedelia has left its mark on music, literature, and art. From Huxley to Kerouac, from the reggae of Peter Tosh to Spanish rock, and through the myth of the “green fairy” of absinthe: popular culture examined through a historical and critical lens.

Thought, Mysticism, and Visionary Experience

What is the relationship between psychedelics, mysticism, and personal transformation? Essays on visionary experience, spirituality, and their risks—including the danger of turning the “trip” into dogma—alongside classic texts of psychonautic thought.

Frequently asked questions

Who discovered LSD and when?

Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann synthesized lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in 1938 at the Sandoz laboratories in Basel while researching ergot derivatives. Its potent psychoactive effects were not known until 1943, when Hofmann experienced them first accidentally and, a few days later, in a deliberate self-experiment: that famous bicycle ride remains one of the foundational episodes in psychedelic history.

What does the word “entheogen” mean?

“Entheogen” comes from Greek and refers to that which “generates the divine within.” It is used to name plant substances or psychoactive preparations used in ritual, religious, or shamanic contexts, highlighting their spiritual and cultural dimension. It is a term with a strong symbolic charge; in the scientific field, many researchers prefer to speak of “psychedelics” or “hallucinogens.” The choice of one word or the other reflects, above all, the approach from which the phenomenon is viewed.

Who coined the term “psychonaut”?

It is attributed to the German writer Ernst Jünger, who popularized the idea of “psychonautics” in his book Approaching: Drugs and Intoxication (1970). It literally means “navigator of the mind.” Over time, the term has served to describe those who consciously and reflectively explore altered states of consciousness, a curiosity as old as humanity itself.

Why were drugs prohibited?

Modern prohibition is just over a century old and responded primarily to social, political, and economic factors, rather than strictly health-related ones. Milestones such as the U.S. Harrison Act (1914) and subsequent international treaties extended that model throughout the West. Authors like Antonio Escohotado have analyzed it critically, showing how prohibiting is not a natural fact, but a specific historical decision. It is a live topic, with diverse positions, and it is still evolving.

What is the kykeon of the Eleusinian Mysteries?

The kykeon was a ritual drink of ancient Greece, made with barley and mint, consumed by initiates in the Eleusinian Mysteries. Albert Hofmann, together with mycologist Gordon Wasson and philologist Carl Ruck, proposed in The Road to Eleusis that it may have contained ergot alkaloids, related to LSD. It is a suggestive and highly debated hypothesis: fascinating as a line of research, but not conclusive.

What did Antonio Escohotado contribute to the study of drugs?

Escohotado, a Spanish philosopher, is the author of General History of Drugs (first published in 1983), an ambitious survey of the role of psychoactives in civilization, from antiquity to the so-called “war on drugs.” His work combines a historical approach with a reasoned defense of individual freedom and a lucid critique of prohibition. It is one of the most influential popular reference works on the subject in the Spanish language.

Psychedelic History, Culture, and Thought: A Guide